In its final analysis, this research reports a novel occurrence of leaf spot and blight impacting common hop plants, stemming from B. sorokiniana, and suggests potential fungicides to combat this affliction.
Pathogenic bacteria such as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. pose significant threats to rice crops. *Oryzae*, the bacterium that causes bacterial leaf blight (BLB), is considered one of the most destructive bacterial pathogens impacting rice production on a global scale. While numerous complete genome sequences exist for Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae, Publicly available databases contain oryzae strain information; however, these strains are primarily collected from indica rice farms located at low-lying altitudes. infection-related glomerulonephritis To facilitate PacBio and Illumina sequencing, genomic DNA was extracted from a hypervirulent strain of japonica rice, YNCX, which was isolated from the high-altitude rice-growing regions of the Yunnan Plateau. check details After the completion of the assembly, a high-quality complete genome was created, composed of a circular chromosome and six plasmids. While comprehensive genomic data for Xoo strains is available in public databases, the isolated strains mainly come from indica rice grown in low-altitude environments. In this regard, the YNCX genome sequence presents a substantial resource for understanding high-altitude rice varieties, facilitating the identification of novel virulence TALE effectors and ultimately contributing to a better grasp of the rice-Xoo interaction.
'Candidatus Arsenophonus phytopathogenicus' and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', phloem-limited pathogens, are impacting sugar beet production in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Studies of these pathogenic organisms in Germany until recently have concentrated on the western and southern portions of the country, leading to a significant lack of understanding concerning the eastern German regions. Given their profound importance, this research is the first to scrutinize the presence of phytoplasmas in Saxony-Anhalt's sugar beet industry. A strain of phytoplasma, closely linked to 'Ca.', exists. 'P. solani' is overwhelmingly found in Saxony-Anhalt, a marked difference from France, where 'Ca.' is the more common occurrence. In terms of impact, 'Ca. A. phytopathogenicus' outperforms 'P. solani' significantly. A new subgroup, 16SrXII-P, was determined to contain the phytoplasma strain that infects sugar beet plants located in Saxony-Anhalt. The multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of non-ribosomal genes from the novel phytoplasma strain highlighted its substantial divergence from both the reference and all previously cataloged 'Ca.' strains. The P. solani strain collection includes a strain specifically from western Germany. Analyses of sugar beet specimens from years prior to the current one confirmed the presence of the 16SrXII-P strain in sugar beets in 2020, as well as in the Bavaria area of southern Germany. Comparative 16S rDNA analysis demonstrates that 'Ca. A. phytopathogenicus' strains isolated from Saxony-Anhalt share a high degree of genetic identity with sugar beet strains found throughout Germany and France, as well as with a German potato strain. The abundance and presence of two phytoplasmas in Germany's sugar beet population suggests that heightened scrutiny of phytoplasma infection in sugar beet crops within this country is crucial.
Economically important plant species are susceptible to Corynespora cassiicola, the causal agent of cucumber Corynespora leaf spot. Chemical disease control in this instance is hampered by the frequent occurrence of fungicide resistance. Biomass conversion From Liaoning Province, 100 isolates were selected for this study, and the sensitivity of these isolates to twelve fungicides was determined. In all (100%) of the tested isolates, resistance to trifloxystrobin and carbendazim was confirmed, while 98% exhibited resistance to fluopyram, boscalid, pydiflumetofen, isopyrazam, and fluxapyroxad. The fungicides propiconazole, prochloraz, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, and fludioxonil remained without resistance encountered in any of the evaluated samples. The G143A mutation was found in the Cytb gene of trifloxystrobin-resistant isolates, while the carbendazim-resistant isolates' -tubulin gene harbored both the E198A and the combined E198A & M163I mutations. The presence of mutations in SdhB-I280V, SdhC-S73P, SdhC-H134R, SdhD-D95E, and SdhD-G109V proteins was observed to be associated with resistance to SDHIs. The resistant isolates proved unresponsive to trifloxystrobin, carbendazim, and fluopyram, whereas fludioxonil and prochloraz displayed efficacy against isolates exhibiting resistance to QoIs, SDHIs, and benzimidazoles. Through this investigation, the significant impact of fungicide resistance on the efficient suppression of Corynespora leaf spot is firmly established.
Japan is the birthplace of the sweet persimmon, whose fruit is highly valued for its high sugar and vitamin content. October 2021 witnessed the emergence of symptoms on persimmon trees, specifically the Diospyros kaki L. cv. variety. Located in Suiping County, Henan Province (geographical coordinates: 32.59° N, 113.37° E), Yangfeng fruits are maintained in a cold storage room. Initially, small, dark-brown, circular spots surfaced on the fruit's rind, escalating to irregular, sunken, dark regions, and eventually contributing to the rotting of 15% of the 200 fruits after four weeks of cold storage at 10°C and 95% relative humidity. To isolate the causal organism, 10 pieces of symptomatic fruit tissue (4 mm²) were surface sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 minute. After three washes in sterile distilled water, they were aseptically transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Isolated from plant tissue, fungal colonies were selected, with three sharing similar morphology for undergoing single-spore isolation. Circular colonies, with fluffy aerial mycelia, emerged from the isolates on PDA plates, featuring a gray-brown pigmentation concentrated in the center and a gray-white coloration on the outer border. Pyriform or obclavate conidia presented a dark brown pigment, and exhibited from 0 to 3 longitudinal septa and 1 to 5 transverse septa. The size of these conidia ranged from 192 to 351 micrometers in length by 79 to 146 micrometers in width (n=100). Olivaceous septate conidiophores, displaying straight or bent morphology, ranged in length from 18 to 60 micrometers, with a further range of 1 to 3 micrometers (n = 100). It is evident from the isolates' morphological characteristics that they are Alternaria alternata (Simmons). During the year 2007, a considerable event was registered. By employing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), the genomic DNA of the representative isolate YX and the re-isolated strain Re-YX was extracted. Using primers ITS1/4, Alt-F/R, GPD-F/R, EF1/2, EPG-F/R (Chen et al., 2022), RPB2-5F/7cR (Liu et al., 1999), and H3-1a/1b (Lousie et al., 1995), the partial internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, Alternaria major allergen (Alt a1), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF), endo-polygalacturonase (endoPG), RNA polymerase subunit RPB2, and Histone 3 (His3) were respectively amplified. The GenBank accession numbers ON182066 (YX), ON160008 to ON160013 (YX), and OP559163 (Re-YX), OP575313 to OP575318 (Re-YX) were assigned to ITS, Alt a1, GAPDH, TEF, endoPG, RPB2, and His3, respectively. Data on the sequences of Alternaria species. Sequences of A. alternata strains (ITS MT498268; Alt a1 MF381763; GAPDH KY814638; TEF MW981281; endoPG KJ146866; RPB2 MN649031; His3 MH824346), retrieved from GenBank, exhibited a high degree of homology (99%-100%) in the BLAST analysis. Utilizing MEGA7 (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, Alt a1, GAPDH, TEF, and RPB2 sequences, the isolate YX and Re-YX were identified as members of the A. alternata clade, according to Demers M. (2022). In the pathogenicity study, spore suspensions (50 x 10^5 spores per mL) of each of the three isolates were made using seven-day-old cultures. For each isolate, ten L aliquots were inoculated onto ten individually needle-wounded persimmon fruits; ten more fruits received only water for control purposes. The pathogenicity test process had three repeated replicates. A 25 degrees Celsius, 95 percent relative humidity climate box received the fruits for proper storage. Post-inoculation, the fruit, wounded and treated with spore suspensions, demonstrated black spot symptoms resembling those displayed by the untreated original fruit after seven days. The control fruits did not show any symptoms. Morphological and molecular methods previously mentioned confirmed the identity of the Re-YX strain, re-isolated from the symptomatic tissue of inoculated fruits, satisfying Koch's postulates. Persimmon fruit rot, a consequence of infection by A. alternata, was previously reported in the regions of Turkey and Spain (Kurt et al., 2010; Palou et al., 2012). Within China, this is the first reported occurrence of black spot disease on persimmon fruit, caused by A. alternata, according to our available information. Cold storage conditions can lead to persimmon fruit infection, hence the need for novel approaches to manage persimmon postharvest diseases.
Vicia faba L., commonly recognized as the broad bean or faba bean, is a prominent example of a widely grown protein-rich legume crop. Globally, over fifty countries cultivate faba beans; however, approximately ninety percent of the production originates in the Asian, European Union, and African continents (FAO, 2020). Both fresh pods and dry seeds are used as food because of their significant nutritional value. March 2022 marked an observation at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, where some plants in the experimental plots displayed symptoms of small leaves and phyllody, specifically including floral structures taking on the appearance of leaves, as shown in figures 1a, 1b, and 1c. Twig samples were taken from two plants showing symptoms of disease and one healthy plant. DNA was isolated using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method (Ahrens and Seemuller, 1992; Marzachi et al., 1998), and subsequently examined for phytoplasma associations via nested PCR. Primers P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2 targeted the 16SrRNA gene (Deng and Hiruki, 1991; Gundersen and Lee, 1996), alongside the secA gene-specific primers secAfor1/secArev3 and secAfor2/secArev3 (Hodgetts et al., 2008).